isaac (English)

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Biography
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Sir Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton in 1702 by Geoffrey Kneller
Birth
Jan. 4 of 1643Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, UK
Death
1727Kensington of March 31, London, UK
Residence
England
Nationality / en
English
Field / s
Astronomy, Physics and Mathematics
Alma mater
University of Cambridge
Known for
CinemáticaTeoría corpuscular laws of the luzDesarrollo of Differential and Integral Calculus.
Societies
Royal Society of London
Awards Highlights
Knight appointed by the Queen Anne (1705)
Signature

He argued conflicts with Gottfried Leibniz and Robert Hooke by the paternity of the calculation and the Law of universal gravitation, respectively.




Biography
Born on December 25 of 1642 (corresponding to January 4 of 1643 of the new calendar) in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, was the son of two peasants Puritans, but was never known her father since he died in October 1642. When his mother re-married, left him by his grandmother, with whom he lived until the death of his stepfather in 1653. He studied at the Free Grammar School in Grantham and the age of eighteen he entered the University of Cambridge to continue his studies. His first mentor was Benjamin Pulleyn official. Newton never regularly attended his classes, since their main interest was the library. He graduated from Trinity College as a mediocre student because of his training primarily self-taught, reading some of the most important books on mathematics and natural philosophy at the time. In 1663 Newton read the Clavis mathematicae William Oughtred, the geometry of Descartes, of Frans van Schooten, the optics of Kepler, the Opera mathematica Viet, edited by Van Schoot, and in 1664, the arithmetic of John Wallis, who will serve as an introduction to his research on the infinite series, the binomial theorem and some quadratures.
In 1663 he met Isaac Barrow, who gave him his first class as a professor of mathematics Lucasiano. At the same time came into contact with the work of Galileo, Fermat, Huygens and others since, probably, of the 1659 edition of the geometry by Descartes Van Schoot. Newton passed quickly to Barrow, who frequently sought his help in mathematical problems.


Replica of a telescope built by Newton.
In this era geometry and optics and had a key role in the life of Newton. It was at this time when his fame began to grow as they began a correspondence with the Royal Society (Real Sociedad). Newton sent them some of their discoveries and a telescope that aroused great interest of the members of the Company, but also criticism from some members, notably Robert Hooke. This was the beginning of one of the disputes we had in his scientific career. It is believed that Newton proved aggressiveness to his opponents, who were mainly (but not only) Hooke, Leibniz, and in religion, the Church of Rome. When he was president of the Royal Society, was described as a cruel dictator, and vengeful-looking suits. However, it was a letter from Robert Hooke, in which he commented on his intuitive ideas about gravity, he did initiate a full study on the mechanics and gravity. Newton solved the problem that Hooke had failed and its results are written in what many scientists believe is the most important book in the history of science, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
In 1693 it suffered a big psychological crisis, which caused long periods in which they remained isolated, during which they did not eat nor sleep. In this era suffered depression and fits of paranoia. Corresponded with his friend the philosopher John Locke, in which, in addition to their poor condition, repeatedly accused him of things we never did. Some historians believe that the crisis was caused by the breakdown of his relationship with his disciple Nicolas Fatio Duillier of the majority, however, believes that at this time Newton had been poisoned by making their alchemical experiments. After writing the Principia left Cambridge moving to London where he held various public positions of prestige being appointed Marshal of the King, judge of Charterhouse and director of the Mint.
Among his interests were more profound alchemy and religion, issues on which his writings in volume by far exceed their scientific writings. Among his religious views and defended the Arianism was convinced that the Scriptures had been raped in support of the Trinitarian doctrine. This caused serious problems to be part of Trinity College in Cambridge and its religious ideas that could be prevented director of the College. Among his alchemical studies was interested in esoteric subjects such as the transmutation of the elements, the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life.